BASIC COMMANDS foR LINUX

about linux
                                           
                                      BASIC COMMANDSGoal
   After studying this module, participants are expected to:
            Using basic commands in Linux, as a normal user and root.4.1 Basic Commands
   Linux has high flexibility. If you do not need a graphical interface, Linux remainscan be used in full. For those who had no trouble in sight, Linux has often been criticizedbecause it has this advantage. Why was criticized? Since many Linux users who areworking with text mode, do not need graphics. As a result, other people who have neverusing Linux see Linux is not interesting. Yet, beneath the commandments, let alonewith a text editor, produced many works with Linux without the graphics.
   For example, Linux without the graphics good enough for reading emails, writing emails, reading newson the Internet, create a text file, create web-based programs ranging from formatting the pageHTML, PHP programming, Javascript, and Java and other programming languages.
   The following examples of commands and programs in Linux which is very useful to workdaily.
   Basic commands like DOS.
   All DOS commands or command on Windows has a counterpart in Linux. Conversely,
   many commands in Linux, for example, to configure servers, can not be done
   with Windows. DOS commands like, among others:
   $ Ls means to browse the directory or dir
   $ Mkdir means make directory
   $ Rmdir remove a directory that does not mean there are contents
   $ Cp means copy, rm means remove or delete, mv means move or moved
   $ Cd means change directory. If no options or arguments, then moved to the home directory
   users who are logged.
   The commands and special applications.
   $ Pwd means print working directory or ask the name of the current directory.
   $ Whoami means asking who is now at work (user what is being
   used).
   $ Mail means to see incoming email. If there is an email list, press r followed by number email
   to read the email, to mereply r and d for delete. Exit from email
                                                                                          Module 4-1
   use q or x if it is not so clear.
   $ Lynx to access the Web, like links.
   $ Joe text editor like ne and emacs.
   $ Vi text editor also like ne.
   $ Su to become root.
   $ Ps to see a list of running programs, complete with number id. More
   more complete use the command ps-aux.
   $ Cat to display the contents of files without editing.
   $ Less similar to the paint, but can see per screen or per line.
   To find out what each command, available command "man command" that will featuremanual command. The following example to display the ls command manually.$ Man ls4.2 Understanding the Linux Users
   Linux is a multiuser and multitasking operating system. Multiuser means, in timesame time, Linux can be used by many users, both through the same keyboard and mouseor through another computer on the network.
   Multitasking means in the same time, Linux can run some programs.Even Linux can run many Windows, for example, you can run IceWM,XFCE, Blackbox, KDE, and GNOME, as if running Windows 95, 98, XP, Vista, NT,2000, and 2003, also at the same Macintosh.
   Each user has different rights, such as fellow regular user can not see each other's contentdirectory and file contents. This is one that makes Linux secure against the spread of the virus.4.3 Working as Administrator
   When working, the user usually logged in as a user. Regular user does not have full accessagainst the system. In order to have full access, you must login as root or superuser.If you have logged in as a regular user, you can turn into root with the su command.
   On the other Linux distributions such as Ubuntu, you can easily turn into root, without having toenter a password, the command "sudo su". In fact the normal work in Linux,each user and root must have the password.
   For safety, normal work must use a normal user, not root, because root hasunlimited power. If the slightest mistake, such as deleting important files,computers can be problematic. To work as root, should remain as a regular user, thenrun the command for root to add the word sudo in front of the command. sudo meanssuperuser do or execute commands as root.
   For a normal user can perform tasks with the root password (eg user01) or without
                                                                                       Module 4-2password (eg rus), edit the file / etc / sudoers by adding the following line:user01 ALL = (ALL) ALLrus ALL = (ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
   Here are some important commands as admin. Once again, as a user of ubuntu,add the sudo command in front of these commandments. For example, sudo fdisk-l to seesusunana hard drive partitions. Or even earlier turned into a root so that the prompt changes fromdollar sign ($) into the fence (#).$ Sudo su#
   Adding a new user:# Adduser name-user
   Deleting a user:# Deluser user name
   Linking disk / dev/hda1 to the Linux system with point hooks in / mnt/hda1. Mount alsoto floppy disk or CD-ROM or file sharing on another computer.# Mount / dev/hda1 / mnt/hda1
   Again, be careful when working as root, because root is not unlimited powers toerase any data, including formatting the hard disk repartition. If not careful inwork, you can remove or destroy data of Linux systems and all existing systems inin the hard disk, flash disk or other storage places.